reported earnings objective - to avoid loss - to increases in annually earnings - to meet analysts’ earnings forecasts 4 Motivations to Manage Earnings Internal factors External factors Firm’s

misconduct, e.g. EM, compensation plans. Bartov et al. (2002); Guo (2019) Pressure firms to concentrate on short-term activities to generate profits. Manage R&D, acquire innovative firms, and invest in start

empirical questions related to three earnings thresholds; zero earnings, prior periods’ earnings, and earnings forecasts (e.g. Barth et al., 1999; Bartov et al., 2002; Kasznik and McNichols, 2002; Brown et al

Section 133 Securities and Exchange Act B.E. 2535 Section 133. The securities company shall manage a private fund with honesty and care to preserve the interests of the person who has authorized the

Section 117 Securities and Exchange Act B.E. 2535 Section 117. In the management of a mutual fund, a securities company may set up and manage a mutual fund only when its application to set up the

(Luypaert and Van Caneghem 2014). Theoretically, an audit can be viewed as an economic goods or a professional service process (Knechel et al. 2020). Introduction Economic goods viewpoint Professional

Marsden, 2015; Nian and Chuen (2015); Gafar et al., 2021) 4 Background(Cont.) •Support combine Cryptocurrency to Portfolio •Low correlation with traditional assets(Krückeberg and Scholz, 2019) • Improve

-economy-startup-50cc72f2e37b Cormier and Magnan (2007) Berthelot, Coulmont, and Serret (2012) Kaspereit and Lopatta (2014) De Klerk, De Villiers, and Staden (2015) Ratanacharoenchai et al. (2017) Naimy et

order, the timing, price or quantity of the order or how to manage the order after its submission, with limited or no human intervention.1 • Algorithmic trading, program trading, automated trading, and

price (Biais et al., 1999; Cao et al., 2000; Davies, 2003). • Call auctions at the pre-opening represent the market's collective view and contribute to the price discovery process (Amihud & Mendelson