beneficiaries or clients, such as individual savers or pension fund members. This includes collective investment vehicles or asset owners which pool the savings of many (e.g. insurance companies, pension funds
provided in the market. Independent external reviews may vary in scope and may address a green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked bond framework/ programme; an individual green, social
for reform in individual countries. 4 G20/OECD PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE © OECD 2015 The Principles were originally developed by the OECD in 1999 and last updated in 2004. The current review
continuously encouraged and monitored the improvements of both the quality of audit firms and that of individual auditors and we have noted that auditors and audit staff who belong to audit firms with effective
the credit rating process CRAs should endeavour to issue opinions that help reduce the asymmetry of information among borrowers, lenders and other market participants; Independence and conflicts of
, stronger protection for shareholder rights, whistle blower protection, and provisions to increase the independence and professionalism of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC has also
control system at the firm level and the individual engagement level, the SEC encourages all stakeholders to attain a better understanding and awareness of their roles within the ecosystem, from the
requirements, as evidenced by a number of issues raised during the first cycle inspections having been resolved. For instance, audit firms have seriously adopted measures to improve and ensure their independence
audit firms usually belong to a group of firms or a large network firm, which could lead to situations where the auditors’ independence could have been impaired had the firm leaders not been cognizant of
as practitioner members. To maintain the independence of the QARP and their opinions, the SEC requires that the number of the attending non-practitioner members in each session be greater than the