through appropriate sanctions that (1) prevent the offender from profiting from wrongful acts (disgorgement), (2) penalize the offender (discipline), (3) discourage misconduct, and (4) inform the public of
adjustments to the Fed funds rate during the second half of 2004. In August 2004, to discourage capital outflows, the BOT raised the 14-day repurchase rate for the first time in 3 years by 25 bps to 1.5% and in
duties and liabilities on “shadow” board members as a way to discourage their existence. Sanctions for violations of directors‟ duties should be sufficiently severe and likely to deter wrongdoing
costs and benefits. Public authorities should have effective enforcement and sanctioning powers to deter dishonest behaviour and provide for sound corporate governance practices. In addition, enforcement
internal control system helps to prevent and deter frauds. However, emerging frauds that cause considerable damage usually involve malfeasances committed by high-ranking executives. Therefore, independent
region. To counter short-term capital inflows, the Bank of Thailand (BOT) announced three stringent measures to deter Thai baht speculation on November 7, December 4 and December 18, 2006 as follows: ë
Standards ë To continue the preventive measures to deter frauds and misconducts against shareholders by closely monitoring listed companies' compliance with accounting standards and auditor's performance of
promoting their audit staff to the mid- and high-level management positions. In addition, firms with unclear career advancement would discourage their staff from staying invested with the firms in a long run
corporate governance frameworks reduce investor confidence, and can discourage outside investment. Also, as pension funds continue to invest more in equity markets, good corporate governance is crucial for
Investor Strategies for Incorporating ESG Considerations into Corporate Interactions www.blackrock.com www.ceres.org Century21st Engagement Investor Strategies for Incorporating ESG Considerations into Corporate Interactions [ 5 ] FOREWORD The Value of Our Voice ......................................................................................................................................... 1 How ESG Megatrends Are Shaping Valuation ...........................................................