costly, difficult to apply to the bond market due to time constraints, and likely to be questioned in terms of data and methodology. This is especially true for transport (Section 3.2). The development of
violation harder to detect “Easy” to do Constraints More costly to the firms Auditor and regulators’ scrutiny and litigation risk the sum of accruals must be zero over the life of the firm. Model Test
/ regulatory action 5. Advertising, raising customer awareness • One state regulator describes their role as making advisors reveal their “verification of misconduct” (costly verification) • Conditional on a
estate development projects but due to the feasibility study of the project, the Company considered that the development of the project on such land is costly and not cost effective. The Company, therefore
account for newer, more costly production processes to comply with new social and environmental regulations (i.e. anti-pollution). Apply balance sheet impairment charges to reduce (“write down”) the book
Strategic Betas in use 36 Risk-based explanation Behavioral explanation Value Costly reversibility of assets inplace leads to high sensitivity to economic shocks in bad times Over-reaction to bad news and
positively. On the variable cost side, apart from normal inflation, as highlighted since Q2 fuel prices have increased versus the same period in 2017. The latest fuel shipment in December was more economical
require substantial water resources to operate Environmental sensitivities: Costly habitat relocation or remediation and additional permitting can be required if sites are located on environmentally
, and also economical and financial engineering; and also to operate a business in improving projects that are relating or affecting natural resources and environment, either water, land, air, noise, or
, mechanical engineering, mining engineering, sanitary engineering, environmental engineering, and also economical and financial engineering; and also to operate a business in improving projects that are